Neurodevelopmental & Behavioral Disorders
Dr. Nira Nafisi specializes in treating neurodevelopmental and behavioral disorders, including ADHD, autism spectrum disorder, oppositional defiant disorder, and selective mutism. Dr. Nafisi collaborates closely with clients and families to develop personalized strategies that promote positive behavioral changes and improve quality of life.
Attention Deficit Disorder (ADD)
Attention Deficit Disorder (ADD) is a neurodevelopmental condition characterized by persistent inattention and distractibility without the hyperactivity component typically associated with Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD). Individuals with ADD may struggle to focus on tasks, follow detailed instructions, or complete assignments, often appearing forgetful or disorganized. This condition can affect various aspects of life, including academic performance, work efficiency, and social interactions. While ADD is less commonly diagnosed than ADHD, it is equally impactful and often requires tailored interventions. Treatment strategies may include behavioral therapy, organizational skills training, and, in some cases, medication to help manage symptoms and improve daily functioning.
Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD)
Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) is a prevalent neurodevelopmental disorder that manifests in early childhood and is characterized by patterns of inattention, hyperactivity, and impulsivity that interfere with functioning or development. Individuals with ADHD may exhibit symptoms such as difficulty sustaining attention, excessive fidgeting, impulsive decision-making, and challenges in following through with tasks. These behaviors can lead to difficulties in academic settings, strained relationships, and low self-esteem. ADHD is typically diagnosed through a comprehensive evaluation that includes behavioral assessments and input from multiple sources, such as parents and teachers. Treatment often involves a multimodal approach, combining behavioral therapies, psychoeducation, and, when appropriate, medication to help manage symptoms and improve quality of life.
Oppositional Defiant Disorder (ODD)
Oppositional Defiant Disorder (ODD) is a behavioral condition in children and adolescents characterized by a persistent pattern of angry, irritable moods, argumentative behavior, and defiance toward authority figures. Children with ODD may frequently argue with adults, deliberately annoy others, and refuse to comply with rules or requests. These behaviors can significantly interfere with academic performance, social relationships, and family dynamics. ODD often co-occurs with other disorders, such as ADHD, anxiety disorders, or mood disorders, complicating diagnosis and treatment. Early intervention is crucial and typically involves a combination of behavioral therapy, parent training programs, and, in some cases, medication to address co-occurring conditions. With appropriate support, many children with ODD can develop more positive behaviors and improve their functioning across various settings.
Tourette’s Syndrome
Tourette’s Syndrome is a neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by repetitive, involuntary movements and vocalizations known as tics. Tics can be motor (e.g., blinking, head jerking) or vocal (e.g., throat clearing, grunting) and often begin in childhood. While the exact cause is not fully understood, it is believed to involve a combination of genetic and environmental factors. Most individuals with Tourette’s experience a reduction in tic severity as they reach adulthood. The condition does not affect intelligence or life expectancy; however, associated conditions like ADHD or obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) may require additional attention. Treatment is typically not necessary unless tics cause significant impairment. For those who do require intervention, behavioral therapies such as Comprehensive Behavioral Intervention for Tics (CBIT) are often effective. In rare cases, medication may be prescribed to manage more severe tics.